D. Association, T. Research, and . Germany, The Netherlands); French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) France; School of Planning and Architecture (SPA) India; Cities for Life Forum (FORO) Peru; Centro Brasileiro de Análise e Planejamento (CEBRAP) Brazil; Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, Norway and the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) South Africa. For more information on the research programme see

?. B. Aalbers, ?Who's?afraid?of?red,?yellow?and?green?:?Redlining? in?Rotterdam, pp.562-580, 2005.

?. J. Ackerman, ? Co-Governance? for? Accountability:? Beyond? " Exit " ?and? " Voice " .?World Development?32, pp.447-463, 2004.

?. Alberts, ?. S. ?baud, . ?&?k, and . ?pfeffer?, ?'Linking?livelihoods?and? spatial? practices? through? mobility.? The? case? of? a? resettlement? colony?in?Chennai,?India, 2014.

?. J. Allen, ? Powerful? assemblages?? Area 43, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1475-4762.2011.01005.x

?. Appadurai, ?Deep?democracy:?urban?governmentality?and? the?horizon?of?politics.?Environment and Urbanization, pp.23-43, 2001.

?. S. Banerjee-guha, ? Shifting? Cities:? Urban? Restructuring? in? Mumbai.?Economic and Political Weekly, pp.121-128, 2002.

?. C. Barnett and ?. D. &?-scott, Spaces of Opposition: Activism and Deliberation in Post-Apartheid Environmental Politics, Environment and Planning A, vol.29, issue.11, pp.2612-2631, 2007.
DOI : 10.1068/a39200

?. I. Baud, ?. D. Scott, ?. K. Pfeffer, ?. J. Sydenstricker-neto, and ?. E. &?-denis, ?Spatial?knowledge?management?in?urban?local?government:? Emerging? issues? in? ICT-GIS-based? systems? in?, 2013.

?. S. Baud, ?. ?pfeffer, ?. ?sydenstricker, and ?. ?&?scott, ?Developing Participatory 'Spatial' Knowledge models in metropolitan governance networks for sustainable development, Literature Review, p.2, 2011.

?. S. Baud, ?. ?kuffer, ?. ?pfeffer, and ?. V. ?&?sliuzas, ?Understanding? heterogeneity? in? metropolitan? India:? the? added? value? of? remote? sensing? data? for? analyzing? sub?standard? residential? areas.? International? journal? of? applied? earth? observation? and? geoinformation, p.12, 2010.

?. I. Baud and ?. N. &?-nainan, Negotiated? spaces " ? for? representation? in? Mumbai:? ward? committees,? advanced? locality? management?and?the?politics?of?middle-class?activism.?Environment and Urbanization?20, pp.483-499, 2008.

?. S. Baud, ?. ?sridharan, and ?. ?pfeffer, ?Mapping?urban?poverty? for?local?governance?in?an?Indian?mega-city;?the?case?of?Delhi:?in? Urban Studies, pp.45-1385, 2008.

?. J. Bauman, . Goals, ?. Arcwatch, and . January?, ? Cape? Town's? Emphasis? on? Systems? Integration? Exemplifies? " Smart? City, 2008.

?. S. Benjamin, ?. R. Bhuvaneswari, and ?. P. &?-rajan, ? Bhoomi:? " E-Governance, 2007.

?. Bontenbal, ?Cities?as?partners:?The?challenge?to?strengthen? urban?governance?through?North-South?city?partnerships, 2009.

?. N. Brenner, ? New? state? spaces:? urban? governance? and? the? rescaling?of?statehood, 2004.

?. Bulkeley, ?Discourse?coalitions?and?the?Australian?climate? change?policy?network.?Environment and Planning C:?Government and Policy, pp.727-748, 2000.

?. Buuren, ?Knowledge?for?Governance,?Governance?of? Knowledge:? Inclusive? Knowledge? Management? in? Collaborative? Governance?Processes.?International Public Management Journal, pp.208-23510, 1080.

?. Cabannes, ?Children?and?young?people?build?participatory? democracy?in?Latin?American?cities.?Environment and Urbanization, pp.195-218, 2006.

?. M. Cargo and ?. S. &?-mercer, ? The? Value? and? Challenges? of? Participatory?Research:?Strengthening?Its?Practice.?Annual Review of Public Health, pp.29-325, 2008.

?. R. Chambers, ? Whose? Reality? Counts:? Putting? the? First? Last, 1997.
DOI : 10.3362/9781780440453

?. S. Cinderby, ? How? to? reach? the? " hard-to-reach " :? the? development? of? Participatory? Geographic? Information? Systems? (P-GIS)?for?inclusive?urban?design?in?UK?cities.?Area, pp.42-239, 2010.

C. Of? and C. Town?, ? Densification? Policy.? CoCT,? Cape? Town, 2012.

C. Of? and C. Town, ? (2012c)? City? of? Cape? Town? coastal? set-back? delineation:? method? and? process

?. W. Clark and ?. N. &?-dickson, ? Sustainability? science:? The? emerging?research?program.?Proceedings?of?the?National?Academy? of?Sciences?of?the?United?States?of?America, pp.100-8059, 2003.

?. J. Coaffee and ?. P. &?-healey, 'My Voice: My Place': Tracking Transformations in Urban Governance, Urban Studies, vol.25, issue.4, pp.1979-1999, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/0042098032000116077

?. Colenbrander, ?. ?sutherland, ?. ?oelofse, ?. ?gold, and ?. ?&?tsotsobe, ?Reducing?the?pathology?of?risk:?developing?and?integrated? Municipal?Coastal?Protection?Zone?for?the?City?of?Cape?Town, ? Climate? Change?at?the?City?Scale.?Routledge, 2012.

?. A. Cornwall and ?. J. &?-gaventa, ? Bridging? the? gap:? citizenship,? participation?and?accountability, pp.32-35, 2001.

?. J. Crampton, ? Cartography:? Performative,? participatory,? political.?Progress in Human Geography, pp.33-840, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/0309132508105000

?. R. Daniels, ? Public? Participation? in? the? City? of? Cape? Town:? A? review.? In? The? People? Shall? Govern:? Public? Participation? beyond? Slogans,?hosted?by?the?Gauteng?Provincial?Legislature?Johannesburg, pp.384-406, 2012.

?. S. Davis, ?Explaining?the?evidence?on?inequality?and?growth:? informality?and?redistribution.?The, BE Journal of Macroeconomics, vol.7, issue.1, p.7, 2007.

?. Deleuze and ?. ?&?guattari, ?A?thousand?plateaus:?capitalism?and? schizophrenia.?University?of?Minnesota?Press,?Minneapolis, 1987.

D. Casino, ?. V. Hanna, and ?. S. , ? Beyond? the? 'binaries':? A? methodological? intervention? for? interrogating? maps? as? representational? practices, ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, pp.4-34, 2006.

?. Y. Dierwechter, ? The? spatiality? of? informal? sector? agency:? planning,?survival?and?geography?in?Black?Metropolitan?Cape?town, 2001.

?. K. Dovey, ? Informal? urbanism? and? complex? adaptive? assemblage.? International Development Planning Review, pp.349-367, 2012.

?. S. Dryzek, ?The?politics?of?the?earth:?Environmental?discourses, ? Human Ecology Review, vol.5, issue.1, p.65, 1998.

?. C. Dunn, ? Participatory? GIS? ?? a? people's? GIS?? Progress in Human Geography, pp.616-637, 2007.

?. S. Elwood, ? Beyond? cooptation? or? resistance:? Urban? spatial? politics,?community?organizations,?and?GIS-based?spatial?narratives.? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, pp.96-323, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00480.x
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.514.6970

?. S. Elwood, Geographic information science: emerging research on the societal implications of the geospatial web, Progress in Human Geography, vol.34, issue.3, pp.349-357, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/0309132509340711

?. Fairclough, ?. ??hartwig, and . Dictionary?of?critical?realism, ?Critical?Discourse?Analysis,?in?, 2006.

?. ?. Feldman, Ways of Knowing and Inclusive Management Practices, Ways? of? Knowing? and? Inclusive? Management? Practices, pp.89-99, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/1540-6210.00235

?. ?. Filippi, . ?m, and ?. ?hordijk, ?Knowledge? integration:?a?step?forward??Continuities?and?changes?in?Arequipa's? water?governance?system,?Environment & Urbanization?Vol?26, ?Alegría?and?J.?D.?Rojas?, p.2, 2014.

?. Fischer, ?Beyond?empiricism:?Policy?analysis?as?deliberative? practice, ? Deliberative? Policy? Analysis:? Understanding? Governance? in? the? Network? Society.? Cambridge?University?Press,?Cambridge, pp.209-227, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/cbo9780511490934.009

?. A. Fung and ?. E. &?-wright, ? Deepening? Democracy:? institutional? innovations?in?empowered?participatory?governance, 2003.

?. N. Gabriel, ? The? production,? division? and? reconfiguration? of? natures?and?economies,?City, pp.17-325, 2013.

?. Gaventa, ?Triumph,?deficit?or?contestation??Deepening?the? " Deepening?democracy " ?debate, ?IDS, 2006.

?. Geesink, ?Introducing?ICT?in?the?public?sector?:?E-Government? in?eThekwini.?Master's?thesis,?University?of?Amsterdam, 2013.

?. P. Georgiadou and ?. J. Stoter, ? Studying? the? use? of? geo? information? in? government? :? a? conceptual? framework? +? errata.? Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, issue.1, pp.34-70, 2010.

?. J. Gerlach, ? Lines,? contours? and? legends:? Coordinates? for? vernacular?mapping.?Progress in Human Geography, pp.22-39, 2014.
DOI : 10.1177/0309132513490594

?. R. Ghose, ? Community? Participation,? Spatial? Knowledge? Production,? and? GIS? Use? in? Inner-City? Revitalization, Journal of Urban Technology, pp.10-39, 2003.

?. Ghose, ?Politics?of?scale?and?networks?of?association?in?public? participation?GIS.?Environment and Planning A,?39, pp.1961-1980, 2007.

?. Giezen, ?Navigating?mega?projects?through?complexity?and? uncertainty:? strategic? and? adaptive? capacity? in? planning? and? decision-making.?PhD?dissertation,?University?of?Amsterdam, 2012.

?. F. Giraut and ?. B. Maharaj, ? Contested? terrains:? Cities? and? hinterlands?in?post-apartheid?boundary?delimitations.?Geojournal, pp.39-51, 2002.

?. Goodchild, ?Citizens?as?sensors:?the?world?of?volunteered? geography, pp.211-221, 2007.

?. Graham, ?Time?machines?and?virtual?portals:?the?spatialities? of? the? digital? divide, Progress in Development Studies, pp.211-227, 2011.

?. Green, ?. ?mans, ?. ?&?breetzke, ?. ??-csir, and . Pretoria, ?Advanced?computing?for? evaluating?facility?needs?and?enhancing?sustainable?development? of? public? facility? investment? plans, 2009.

?. Gurza-lavalle and ?. Vera, ?Precisiones?conceptuales? para? el? debate? contempráneo? sobre? la? innovación? democrática:? participatioón,?controles?sociales?y?representación.?In, 2010.

?. M. Hajer, ? A? Frame? in? the? Fields:? Policy? Making? and? the? Reinvention? of? Politics, Deliberative? Policy? Analysis:? Understanding? Governance? in? the? Network?Society.?Cambridge,?Cambridge?University?Press, 2003.

?. M. Hajer, ? Rebuilding? Ground? Zero:? The? politics? of? performance.?Planning Theory and Practice, pp.445-464, 2005.

?. A. Hajer, ?Ecological?modernisation?as?cultural?politics.?In:? Mol, 2009.
DOI : 10.4135/9781446221983.n12

?. ?. Hajer and ?. ?&?uitermark, ?Performing?authority:?discursive? politics? after? the? assassination? of? Theo? van? Gogh, pp.5-19, 2008.

?. M. Hajer and ?. H. Wagenaar, ? Deliberative? policy? analysis:? understanding? governance? in? the? network? society, 2003.

?. Haklay, Neogeography and the Delusion of Democratisation, Environment and Planning A, vol.27, issue.3, pp.55-69, 2013.
DOI : 10.1068/a45184

?. B. Hall, ?. ?chipeniuk, ?. D. ?feick, ?. G. ?leahy, and ?. ?&?deparday, Community-based production of geographic information using open source software and Web 2.0, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, vol.16, issue.5, pp.761-781, 2010.
DOI : 10.1559/152304095782540537

?. Hardey, ?Public?health?and?Web?2.0.?Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, pp.181-189, 2008.

?. ?. Harris, ?. ?weiner, ?. ?warner, and ?. ?&?levin, ?(1995)?Pursuing?Social? Goals?Through?Participatory?GIS:?Redressing?South?Africa's?Historical? Political? Ecology

?. Harrison, ?On?the?Edge?of?Reason:?Planning?and?Urban?futures? in?South?Africa.?Urban Forum, pp.319-335, 2006.

?. P. Harrison, ?. A. Todes, and ?. V. &?-watson, ? Planning? and? Transformation:? Learning? from? the? Post-Apartheid? Experience, 2009.

?. G. Hart, ? Disabling? globalization:? Places? of? power? in? postapartheid?South?Africa, 2002.

?. Healey, ?Urban?Complexity?and?Spatial?Strategies:?Towards?a? Relational?Planning?for?our?Times.?Routledge,?London, 2007.

?. P. Heller, ? Democratic? Deepening? in? Brazil,? India? and? South? Africa:? Towards? a? Comparative? Framework,? Paper? prepared? for? " Building?Sustainable?Democracies " ?Indiana?University, pp.29-30, 2009.

?. Heller and ?. ?&?evans, ?Taking?Tilly?south:?durable?inequalities,? democratic? contestation,? and? citizenship? in? the? Southern? Metropolis, pp.39-42, 2010.

?. Hodgson and ?. ?&?schroeder, ?Dilemmas?of?Counter-Mapping? Community?Resources?in?Tanzania.?Development and Change?33, pp.79-100, 2002.

?. Holston, ?Insurgent?citizenship:?Disjunctions?of?democracy? and?modernity?in?Brazil.?Princeton?University?Press, 2008.

?. Hoyt, ?. ?khosla, and ?. ?&?canepa, ?Leaves,?Pebbles,?and?Chalk:? Building?a?Public?Participation?GIS?in?New?Delhi,?India.?Journal of Urban Technology, pp.1-19, 2005.

?. J. Innes and ?. D. Booher, ? Collaborative? policymaking:? governance? through? dialogue.? Deliberative? policy? analysis:? Understanding? governance? in? the? network? society, pp.33-59, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/cbo9780511490934.003

?. J. Innes and ?. D. Booher, ? Reframing? Public? Participation:? Strategies? for? the? 21st? Century.? Planning Theory & Practice? 5, pp.419-436, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/1464935042000293170

?. Jaglin, ?'Les?services?d'eau?urbains?en?Afrique?subsaharienne:? vers?une?ingénierie?spatiale?de?la?diversité??',?Communication?au? N-AERUS?annual?conference, pp.16-17, 2004.
DOI : 10.4000/books.editionscnrs.3709
URL : http://books.openedition.org/editionscnrs/3709

?. S. Jameson, ? (2014)? Flood? management? does? not? exist:? assembling? flood? governance? and? adaptive? capacity? through? knowledge? management?in?Chennai.?Master's?thesis,?University?of?Amsterdam

?. Joshi, ?. ?sen, and ?. ?hobson, ?Experiences?with?surveying?and? mapping? Pune? and? Sangli? slums? on? a? geographical? information? system?(GIS).?Environment and Urbanization, pp.225-240, 2002.

?. Kahler, ?Networked?politics:?agency,?power,?and?governance, 2009.
DOI : 10.7591/9780801458880-003

?. Kitchin, ?Using?bidimensional?regression?to?analyze?cognitive? maps, pp.33-50, 1993.

?. Kitchin, ?The?programmable?city.?Environment?and?Planning? B:?Planning and Design, pp.945-951, 2011.

?. R. Kitchin, ? Big? data? and? human? geography:? Opportunities,? challenges? and? risks.? Dialogues in Human Geography, pp.262-267, 2013.
DOI : 10.1177/2043820613513388
URL : http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/5366/1/RK_big%20data%20human.pdf

?. Kitchin, The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism, GeoJournal, vol.50, issue.1, pp.1-14, 2014.
DOI : 10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8

?. P. Kyem and ?. J. Saku, Web-based? GIS? and? the? future? of? participatory? GIS? applications? within? local? and? indigenous? communities, ?EJISDC, vol.38, pp.1-16, 2009.

?. Latham, ?Electronic?markets?and?activist?networks,?in:?Digital? Formations:? IT? and? New? Architectures? in? the? Global? Realm, 2005.

M. Sara, ?. L. Baud, and ?. I. , ? Knowledge? building? in? adaptation?processes:?concertacion?processes?in?transforming?Lima? water?and?climate?change?governance.?Environment & Urbanization, pp.1-20, 2014.

?. Miranda and ?. ?. ?&?hordijk, Let us build cities for life: the national campaign of Local Agenda 21s in Peru, Environment and Urbanization, vol.10, issue.2, pp.69-102, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/095624789801000217

?. G. Miscione, ?. J. Verplanke, and ?. J. Martinez, Voluntary? information? and? PGIS:? VI? and? PGIS " .? In:? PGIS:? Participatory? geographic?information?systems?and?land?planning:?life?experiences? for?people?empowerment?and?community?transformation:?e-book? /?editor?F.?Orban-Ferauge?et?al.?Namur, pp.74-78, 2011.

?. Mitlin and ?. ?&?thompson, ?Participatory?approaches?in?urban? areas:? strengthening? civil? society? or? reinforcing? the? status? quo?? Environment and Urbanization, pp.231-250, 1995.

?. Moser, ?A?Conceptual?and?Operational?Framework?for?Pro- Poor? Asset? Adaptation? to? Urban? Climate? Change,? in:? Cities? and? Climate? Change:? Responding? to? an? Urgent? Agenda, 2011.

?. Mottier, ?The?interpretive?turn:?history,?memory,?and?storage? in?qualitative?research,?Qualitative Social Research Forum, ?6,? 2:?Art.?33.?(No?page?numbers???online?access, 2005.

?. Myers, ?African?Cities:?Alternative?visions?of?urban?theory? and?practice.?Zed?Books,?London, 2011.

?. N. Nainan, ? Lakshmi? Raj,? shaping? spaces? in? post? industrial? Mumbai?planning? instruments? and? development? of? Mumbai.? Department?of?Geography,?Planning?and?International?Development? Studies, 2011.

?. Oelofse, ?. ?scott, ?. ?houghton, and ?. ?&?oelofse, ?Ecological? modernization?or?alternate?approaches:?New?tools?for?sustainability? in?South?Africa, The? Ecological? Modernization? Reader:? Environmental? Reform? in? Theory?and?Practice.?, pp.482-497, 2009.

?. S. Parnell and ?. J. &?-robinson, ? (Re)theorisating? cities? from? the? global?South:?looking?beyond?neoliberalism.?Urban Geography,?33, pp.593-617, 2013.

?. S. Patel, ?. J. Arputham, ?. S. Burra, and ?. K. &?-savchuk, Getting the information base for Dharavi's redevelopment, Environment and Urbanization, vol.20, issue.1, pp.241-251, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/0956247809103023

?. S. Patel, ?. C. Baptist, ?. &?-d-'cruz, and ?. C. , ? Knowledge? is? power? ?? informal?communities?assert?their?right?to?the?city?through?SDI?and? community-led?enumerations.?Environment and Urbanization 24, pp.13-26, 2012.

?. S. Patel, ?. S. Burra, and ?. C. &?-d´cruz, Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) - foundations to treetops, Environment and Urbanization, vol.13, issue.2, pp.45-59, 2001.
DOI : 10.1177/095624780101300204

?. C. Perkins, Cultures of Map Use, The Cartographic Journal, vol.20, issue.2, pp.150-158, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0593-88

?. Lauria, ?Reconstructing?Urban?Regime?Theory:?Regulating? Urban?Politics?in?a?Global?Economy,?Thousand?Oaks,?Sage, 1997.

?. D. Laws and ?. M. &?-rein, ? Reframing? practice, ? Deliberative? Policy? Analysis:?, pp.172-206, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/cbo9780511490934.008

A. ?. Leszczynzki? and ?. M. &?-wilson, Guest editorial: theorizing the geoweb, GeoJournal, vol.34, issue.3, pp.915-919, 2013.
DOI : 10.1007/s10708-013-9489-7

?. C. Ludeña, ? Agricultural? Productivity? Growth,? Efficiency? Change?and?Technical?Progress?in?Latin?America?and?the?Caribbean,? Inter-American? Development? Bank, 2010.

?. Martinez, ?The?use?of?GIS?and?indicators?to?monitor?intra- urban? inequalities, A? case? study? in? Rosario,? Argentina.? Habitat International?33, pp.387-396, 2009.

?. J. Martinez, ?. K. Pfeffer, and ?. T. &?-van?-dijk, E-Government Tools, Claimed Potentials/Unnamed Limitations, Environment and Urbanization ASIA, vol.34, issue.3, pp.223-234, 2011.
DOI : 10.1215/9780822392255

?. Mayer-schonberger, . ?k, and . ?cukier, ?Big?data:?a?revolution?that? will?transform?how?we?live,?work?and?think,?Eamon?Dolan/Houghton? Mifflin?Harcourt, 2013.

?. M. Mccall and ?. C. &?-dunn, ? Geo-information? tools? for? participatory? spatial? planning:? Fulfilling? the? criteria? for? " good " governance??Geoforum?43, pp.81-94, 2012.

?. E. Mccann and ?. K. &?-ward, ? Assembling? urbanism:? following? policies? andstudying? through'the? sites? and? situations? of? policy? making, pp.42-51, 2012.

?. Mcewan, New spaces of citizenship? Rethinking gendered participation and empowerment in South Africa, Political Geography, vol.24, issue.8, pp.969-991, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.polgeo.2005.05.001

?. Mcfarlane, ?Transnational?Development?Networks:?Bringing? Development? and? Postcolonial? Approaches? into? Dialogue.? The Geographical Journal, pp.35-49, 2006.

?. Mcfarlane, ?The?city?as?assemblage:?dwelling?and?urban? space.? Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, pp.649-671, 2011.

?. C. Mcfarlane, From sanitation inequality to malevolent urbanism: The normalisation of suffering in Mumbai, Geoforum, vol.43, issue.6, pp.1287-1290, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.08.005

?. A. Meerow, ?Generating?Resilience,?exploring?the?contribution? of? the? small? power? producer? and? very? small? power? producer? programs?to?the?resilience?of?Thailand's?power?sector.?Department? of? Geography, Planning? and? international? Development? studies?, 2010.

?. F. Miftirab, ? Invited? and? invented? spaces? of? participation:? Neoliberal?citizenship?and?feminists'?expanded?notion?of?politics,? Wagadu, pp.1-7, 2004.

?. Ministry?of?urban?development, ?Handbook?on?Service?level? Benchmarks?for?E-governance?in?Municipalities.?Ministry?of?Urban? Development,?New?Delhi, 2010.

?. Pickles, ?A?history?of?spaces:?cartographic?reason,?mapping,? and?the?geo-coded?world, 2004.

?. P. Poole, ? Indigenous? Peoples,? Mapping,? and? Biodiversity? Conservation:?An?Analysis?of?Current?Activities?and?Opportunities? for? Applying? Geomatics? Technologies, 1995.

?. E. Prins, ?. ?broeders, and ?. M. ?griffioen, iGovernment: A new perspective on the future of government digitisation, Computer Law & Security Review, vol.28, issue.3, pp.273-282, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clsr.2012.03.010

?. K. Puri and ?. ?&?sahay, ?Role?of?ICTs?in?participatory?development:? An?Indian?experience.?Information Technology for Development,?13, pp.133-160, 2007.

?. C. Rakodi, Politics and performance: the implications of emerging governance arrangements for urban management approaches and information systems, Habitat International, vol.27, issue.4, pp.523-547, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0197-3975(03)00004-3

?. Ranta, ?Social?construction?of?spatial?community?knowledge? to?contribute?to?participatory?urban?development?processes?:?a?case? study? of? the? South? Durban? Basin, 2012.

?. Ravetz, ?The?post-normal?science?of?precaution.?Futures,?36, pp.347-357, 2004.

?. Richter, ?Digital?transformations? in?Indian?cities:?Between? paper?list?and?GIS?map?(PhD.?Dissertation).?University?of?Twente, 2014.
DOI : 10.3990/1.9789036536547

?. A. Rip, ? Utilisation? of? research:? a? sociology? of? knowledge? perspective, 2001.

?. G. Robinson, ? Qualitative? Methods,? in? Methods and Techniques in Human Geography,?Wiley,?London, pp.425-432, 1998.

?. J. Robinson, ? Ordinary? cities:? between? modernity? and? development, 2006.

?. Robinson, ?Developing?ordinary?cities:?city?visioning?processes? in?Durban?and?Johannesburg.?Environment and Planning A, pp.74-87, 2008.

?. J. Robinson, ? Cities? in? a? World? of? Cities:? The? Comparative? Gesture, pp.1-23, 2011.

. Robinson, ?New?geographies?of?theorising?the? urban:? Putting? comparison? to? work? for? global? urban? studies

?. Rose, ?Situating?knowledges:?positionality,?reflexivities?and? other?tactics,?Progress in Human Geography, pp.305-320, 1997.

?. H. Rouanet, ? Real? Estate? professionals,? a? community? of? knowledge?for?mapping?cities?in?the?global?South???The?case?of?real? estate? developers? and? international? property? consultants? in? Chennai,?India, 2013.

?. Roy, ?Calcutta?requiem:?gender?and?the?politics?of?poverty.? Pearson?Education?India, 2007.

?. A. Roy, ? 'Civic? Governmentality:? The? Politics? of? Inclusion? in? Beirut?and?Mumbai',?Antipode, pp.41-159, 2009.

?. A. Roy, ? Slumdog? cities:? Rethinking? subaltern? urbanism, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research?35, pp.223-238, 2011.

?. Y. Rydin, ? 'Reexamining? the? Role? of? Knowledge? in? Planning? Theory',?Planning Theory?6, pp.52-68, 2007.

?. T. Saharan, ? Fieldwork? report.? Amsterdam:? University? of? Amsterdam, 2012.

?. Sassen, ?Electronic?markets?and?activist?networks:?the?weight? of?social?logics?in?digital?formations.?In:?Latham,?Robert?and?Sassen, ?Digital?Formations:?It?and?New?Architectures?in?the? Global?Realm.?Princeton?University?Press, 2005.

?. M. Schlossberg and ?. E. Shuford, ? Delineating? " Public " ? and? " Participation " ?in?PPGIS.?Urisa Journal?16, pp.15-26, 2005.

?. Scott, ?The?Role?of?a?Spatial?'Civic?Science'?in?Repositioning? Scientific? Expert? Knowledge? in? Society:? A? Case? from? South? Africa,Opinion? Paper,? Chance2Sustain? research? project, 2011.

?. Scott and ?. ?&?barnett, Something in the Air: Civic science and contentious environmental politics in post-apartheid South Africa, Geoforum, vol.40, issue.3, pp.373-382, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoforum.2008.12.002

?. D. Scott and ?. C. &?-oelofse, ? Social? and? Environmental? Justice? in? South? African? Cities:? Including? 'Invisible? Stakeholders'? in? Environmental?Assessment?Procedures.?Journal of Environmental Management and Planning, pp.445-467, 2005.

?. Sekhar, By?March,?slum?survey?in?city?to?be?complete " ,?The? Hindhu,? http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/by- march-slum-survey-in-city-to-be-complete, 2012.

?. Shatkin, ?Global?cities?of?the?South:?Emerging?perspectives? on? growth? and? inequality.? Cities, 2007.

?. E. Sheppard, ? Knowledge? Production? through? Critical? GIS:? Genealogy?and?Prospects.?Cartographica, pp.5-21, 2005.

?. R. Sieber, ? Public? Participation? Geographic? Information? Systems:? A? Literature? Review? and? Framework.? Annals of the Association of American Geographers, pp.491-507, 2006.

?. E. Slack, ? Managing? the? Coordination? of? Service, Delivery? in? Metropolitan? Cities:? The? Role? of? Metropolitan? Governance? WPS4317.?World?Bank?Publication, 2007.

?. R. Sliuzas, ? Managing? informal? settlements:? a? study? using? geo?information?in?Dar?es?Salaam,?Tanzania, 2004.

?. R. Sliuzas, Governance and the use of GIS in developing countries, Habitat International, vol.27, issue.4, pp.495-499, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0197-3975(03)00002-X

?. Söderström, ?Paper?cities:?Visual?thinking?in?urban?planning.? Cultural?Geographies}, pp.249-281, 1996.

?. Soja, ?Thirdspace:?journeys?to?Los?Angeles?and?other?real- and-imagined?places, p.?Blackwell, 1996.

?. Sutherland, ?Society,?space?and?environment:?'Environmental? spaces'? in? Knysna,? Southern? Cape, School? of? Environmental? Sciences.?University?of?KwaZulu-Natal, 2010.

?. Sutherland, ?. ?sim, and ?. ?&?scott, ?Contested?discourses?of?a? mixed-use?megaproject:?Cornubia,?Durban.?Habitat International,? Available? online? July? 21, 2014.

?. Swilling, ?Sustainability?and?infrastructure?planning?in?South? Africa:?a?Cape?Town?case?study.?Development and Change, pp.23-50, 2006.

?. Swilling and ?. ?&?annecke, ?Just?Sustainability:?Explorations?of? sustainability? in? an? unfair? world, 2012.

?. Swyngedouw, ?Governance?innovation?and?the?citizen:?the? Janus?face?of?governance-beyond-the-state.?Urban studies, p.42, 1991.

?. J. Sydenstricker-neto, ? Mapeamentos? Participativos:? Pressupostos,? Valores,? Instrumentos? e? Perspectivas, ? Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, issue.2, pp.10-73, 2008.

?. Sydenstricker-neto, ?. ?wright?parmenter, and ?. ?. ?&?degloria, ? Participatory? Reference? Data? Collection? Methods? for? Accuracy? Assessment?of?Land-Cover?Change?Maps, Remote? Sensing? and? GIS? Accuracy? Assessment.? Boca? Raton, 2004.

?. Taylor, ?Sustainable?Data?Science?for?Sustainable?Cities:?Big? Data? and? the? Challenge? of?, 2014.

?. Development-teeffelen and ?. S. ?van?&?baud, ?Exercising?citizenship:?invited? and? negotiated? spaces? in? Grievance? Redressal? Systems? in? Hubli- Dharwad.?Environment and Urbanization ASIA, pp.2-169, 2011.

?. ?. Torres, ?. G. Inin, ?. G. Mcgranahan, ?. M. Montgomery, V. &?-fernandez-castilla et al., (Eds.)?The?New?Global?Frontier:?Urbanization,?poverty,? and? environment? in? the? 21st? Century, 2008.

?. Turok and ?. ?&?watson, ?Divergent?development?in?South?African? cities:?strategic?challenges?facing?Cape?Town,?Urban Studies, pp.119-138, 2001.

?. Valentine, ?Tell?me?about?:?using?interviews?as?a?research? methodology,?in?Flowerdew, ?Methods in Human Geography,? Second? Edition, pp.110-127, 2005.

V. Ewijk, ?. E. &?-baud, and ?. I. , ? Partnerships? between? Dutch? municipalities?and?municipalities?in?countries?of?migration?to?the? Netherlands;? knowledge? exchange? and? mutuality.? Habitat International?33, 2009.

?. E. Van?turenhout, ?Direct?employment?generation?by?mega- projects? :? for? the? local? labour? force? :? a? case? study? of? King? Shaka? International? Airport? in?, 2011.

?. J. Verplanke, ?. A. ?martinez, ?. ?miscione, and ?. Y. ?&?georgiadou, ? Citizen?surveillance?of?the?state:?a?mirror?for?egovernment.?In:?What? kind? of? information? society:? governance,? virtuality,? surveillance,? sustainability, resilience:? 9th? IFIP? TC? 9? International? Conference,? HCC9?2010?and?1st?IFIP?TC?11?International?Conference,?CIP?2010:? held?as?part?of?WCC?2010,?Brisban(TRUNCATED), 2010.

?. Visser, ON THE POLITICS OF TIME AND PLACE IN A TRANSFORMING SOUTH AFRICAN RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT: NEW CHALLENGES FOR RESEARCH STUDENTS, South African Geographical Journal, vol.28, issue.3, pp.233-239, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00022-6

?. Ward, ? " Policies?in?Motion " ,?Urban?Management?and?state? restructuring:?The?translocal?expansion?of?Business?Improvement? Districts, pp.54-75, 2006.

?. Ward, ?'Towards?a?comparative?(re)turn?in?urban?studies?? Some?reflections, Geography, vol.29, pp.405-410, 2008.

?. V. Watson, ? Change? and? continuity? in? spatial? planning:? Metropolitan?planning?in?Cape?Town, 2002.

?. Watson, ?Seeing?from?the?South:?Reforming?urban?planning? on?the?globe's?central?urban?issues.?Urban Studies, pp.2259-2275, 2009.

?. J. Whatmore, ?Mapping?knowledge?controversies:?science,? democracy?and?the?redistribution?of?expertise.?Progress in Human Geography, pp.587-598, 2009.

?. Yanow, ?Accessing?local?knowledge,?in:?Hajer,?M.?a? Deliberative? Policy? Analysis:? Understanding? Governance? in? the? Network? Society, pp.228-246, 2003.

?. I. Young, ? Activist? challenges? to? deliberative? democracy.? Political Theory, pp.670-690, 2001.