. South-arabian-languages, in the corpus of Minaic inscriptions (8 th ?1 st cent. BC), the South-Arabian word for 'horse' (frs¹) is never used 49, the Qatabanic corpus (c. 2500 inscriptions written from the 7 th cent. BC to the 11, p.0, 2017.

M. Al-zab?d?, T?j al-?ar?s min jaw?hir al-q?m?s, p.40

A. and M. B. ?ajj?j, Al-Musnad al-?a???, Beirut, D?r I?y?' al-Tur?th al-?Arab?, [n.d.], 5 vols, The Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia: Assyrian Periods

A. K. Grayson, Assyrian Rulers of the Early First millennium BC I (1114?859 BC), 1991.
DOI : 10.3138/9781442671072

A. Ghafour and P. K. , Rare Artifacts Excavated in Kingdom's Al-Maqar Area, Arab News, 2011.

B. , T. , and &. T. Bernheimer, Early Islamic History: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies, 2013.

A. F. Beeston, Qahtan: Studies in Old South Arabian Epigraphy, Fasc

. Bianquis, P. Th, . Guichard-&-m, and . Tillier, Les débuts du monde musulman, VII e ? X e siècle : de Muhammad aux dynasties autonomes A pilgrimage to Nejd: The Cradle of the Arab Race: A Visit to the Court of the Arab Emir, and " Our Persian campaign, Warfare in Ancient South Arabia, p.1881, 1976.

J. A. Brown, The Social Context of Pre-Islamic Poetry: Poetic Imagery and Social Reality in the Mu?allaqat, Arab Studies Quarterly, vol.253, pp.29-50, 2003.

F. B?mz?r and J. L. Burckhardt, D?r al-?u'?n al-?aq?fiyya al-??mma and Wiz?rat al-?aq?fa wa-l-I?l?m Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys Collected during his Travel in the East Catalogue des monnaies du musée de Sharjah (Émirats Arabes Unis): essai sur les monnayages arabes préislamiques de la péninsule d'Oman (CMO 30, série archéologique 15, thèse de doctorat, pp.1250-1517, 1986.

C. , G. , and &. B. Wilkens, Terrestrial Fauna and Marine Produce in Sumhuram A Port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3 rd c. BC?5 th c. AD), pp.477-547, 2008.

C. , M. , and &. S. Bökönyi, Ash-Shumah: An Early Holocene Settlement of Desert Hunters and Mangrove Foragers in the Yemeni Tihamah, Essays on the Late Prehistory of the Arabian Peninsula Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, pp.31-53, 2002.

C. , S. , and &. M. Tosi, In the Shadow of the Ancestors: The Prehistoric Foundations of the Early Arabian Civilization in Oman, of Heritage and Culture, 2007.

C. , J. , and &. P. Raulwing, The Buhen Horse: Fifty Years after Its Discovery, Journal of Egyptian History, vol.21, pp.1-106, 1958.
DOI : 10.1163/187416509x12492786609122

C. , A. , M. Carletti, and &. M. Tosi, The Camel Remains from Site HD-6 (Ra's al-Hadd, Sultanate of Oman): An Opportunity for a Critical Review of Dromedary Findings in Eastern Arabia, Anthropozoologica, vol.49, pp.207-224, 2014.

C. , J. , N. Tallis, &. A. Daems, A. et al., The Horse from Arabia to Royal Ascot [Exhibition at the British Museum from 24 The British Museum Press Camelid and Equid Burials in pre-Islamic Southeastern Arabia Death and Burial in Arabia and The Horse in Arabia and the Arabian Horse: Origins, Myths and, p.3280, 2012.

A. ?umar, Al-Futuwwa ?ind al-?Arab aw A??d?? al-fur?siyya al-mi?l al-?uliyya, 1951.

D. , J. , and &. N. Desse-berset, La faune : les mammifères et les poissons, Failaka, fouilles françaises de l'Orient et de la Méditerranée Jean Pouilloux, pp.51-70, 1986.
DOI : 10.3406/galip.1994.2122

D. Mario and F. , The Western ar-Rub al-Khali 'Neolithic': New Data from the Ramlat as-Sabatayn (Y.A.R.) " , Annali dell'Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli 49, pp.109-148, 1989.

D. , T. Donner, and F. M. , Horse Breeds and Breeding in the Greco-Persian World: 1 st and 2 nd millennium BC The Early Islamic Conquests, 1981.

V. Den-driesch, A. , and &. K. Vagedes, Archaeozoological Investigations at Qani' Q?ni?: le port antique du ?a?ramawt entre la Méditerranée, l'Afrique et l'Inde: fouilles russes 1972, Archaeologies of the Indian Ocean, vol.6, pp.307-325, 1985.

F. , F. G. , and &. D. Zaccara, W?d? al-Thayyila: a mid-Holocene Site on the Yemen Plateau and its Lithic Collection, Sabaean Studies: Archaeological, Epigraphical and Historical Studies in honour of Y?suf M. ?Abdall?h, Alessandro de Maigret and Christian J. Robin on the Occasion of their 60th Birthdays, pp.213-245, 2005.

F. , P. , M. E. Hurles, T. Jansen, M. Levine et al., Origins of the Domestic Horse, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.46, pp.10-1073

G. , A. , and &. W. Van-neer, Étude générale des restes vertébrés de Mleiha, Mleiha I : Environnement, stratégies de subsistance et artisanats, pp.107-120, 1999.

A. , A. , M. Petraglia, A. Majeed, and K. , Ibr?h?m, ?Abd al-Razz?q bin A?mad R?shed

S. Riyadh and J. Gierlichs, Horse Games in Islamic Art Horse Games ? Horse Sports: From Traditional Oriental Games to Modern and Olympic Sport, pp.43-62, 2012.

?. , S. .. Harrigan, and P. , Al-Fur?siyya al-?arabiyya f? al-?a?r al-J?hil?, Cairo Discovery at al-Magar, Saudi Aramco World, vol.633, pp.2-9, 1960.

?. Ibn-m?s?, Mash?riq al-anw?r ?al? ?i??? al-?th?r, Beirut, al-Maktabat al-?At?qa -D?r al-Tur?th

J. , S. A. Mleiha, and U. A. Sharjah, The Excavation of a Camel Cemetery at The Horse in Arabia and the Arabian Horse: Origins, Myths and, p.3280

K. , H. Neolithische-und-bronzezeitliche-besiedlung-im-wadi-dhahr, R. Jemen, and P. Kelekna, Eine Untersuchung auf der Basis von Geländebegehungen und Sondagen The Horse in Human History, 1996.

M. Khan, R. G. Bednarik, and &. M. Macdonald, The Arabian Horse: Origin, Development and History, 2012.

L. , A. , V. Buffa, and &. A. Pavan, Small Finds A Port in Arabia between Rome and the Indian Ocean (3 rd c. BC?5 th c. AD), pp.317-475, 2008.

M. , M. C. Khan, R. G. Bednarik, and &. M. Macdonald, Wheeled Vehicles in the Rock Art of Arabia The Arabian Horse: Origin, Development and History, pp.359-395, 2012.

M. Maraqten, Hunting in pre-Islamic Arabia in light of the epigraphic evidence, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, vol.40, issue.1, pp.208-234, 2015.
DOI : 10.3406/paleo.1998.4673

M. , M. , and &. W. Van-neer, Analyse des vestiges fauniques du fort et de la zone d'habitat de Mleiha (3 e /4 e siècles de notre ère), Mleiha I : environnement, stratégies de subsistance et artisanats, TMO 29, pp.121-144, 1999.

M. , ?. ?asan, and N. Miller, Prehistory in Northeastern Arabia: The Problem of Interregional Interaction, Miami, Field Research Projects Tribal Poetics in Early Arabic Culture: The Case of Ash??r al-Hudhaliyy?n, 1974.

M. , M. , and L. Péninsule, Oman de la fin de l'Âge du Fer au début de la période sassanide, 250 av.?350 ap, J.C., BAR International Series, vol.1776, 2008.

M. , M. , &. J. Nicolle, and D. , In the Desert Margins: The Settlement Process in Ancient South and East Arabia, Arabia Antica 9 NETTLES, I.S., Mamluk Cavalry Practices: Evolution and Influence, PhD, The University of Arizona The Origins and Development of Cavalry Warfare in the Early Muslim Middle East, Fur?siyya The Horse in the Art of the Near East, pp.92-103, 1996.

O. , A. K. , N. A. Stear, R. Bendrey, S. Olsen et al., The Earliest Horse Harnessing and Milking " , The Horse in Arabia and the Arabian Horse: Origins, Myths and, p.3280

P. Stetkevych, S. Porter, and V. A. , The Mute Immortals Speak: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Poetics of Ritual The History and Monuments of the Tahirid Dynasty of the Yemen, pp.858-923, 1992.

R. , C. J. Theyab, and S. S. , Arabie antique: aux origines d'une passion Chevaliers et cavaliers arabes dans les arts d'Orient et d'Occident: exposition présentée à l'Institut du monde arabe, du monde arabe/Gallimard, pp.29-33, 2002.

A. and ?. Mu??af?, Al-?ayd wa-l-?ard f? al-?i?r al-?arab? ?att? nih?yat al-qarn al-th?n? al-hijr?, Beirut, al-Mu'assasat al-J?mi?iyya li-l-Dir?sat wa-l-Nashr wa-l-Tawz??, 1981.

I. Shah?d, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth century Part 2: Economic, Social and Cultural History, Veterinary Medicine in Medieval Islam, vol.2, 2013.

B. Shoshan, The Arabic Historical Tradition and the Early Islamic Conquests: Folklore, Tribal Lore, 2016.

S. , A. Tiere, . Pflanzen, G. R. Smith, and G. R. Smith, Steine und Metalle in den altsüdarabischen Inschriften: Eine lexikalische und realienkundliche Untersuchung, Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission 46 The Ayy?bids and Early Ras?lids in the Yemen A Study of Ibn H?tim's Kit?b al-Simt, London, Luzac for the Trustees of the E The Encyclopaedia of Islam, J.W. Gibb Memorial, vol.5, pp.567-694, 1978.

S. , J. Strothmann, R. Smith, and G. R. , The Hunt in Arabic Poetry: From Heroic to Lyric to Metapoetry, Notre Dame, University Notre Dame Press The Encyclopaedia of Islam, p.861, 1993.

A. Sumi, M, Description in Classical Arabic Poetry: Wa?f, Ekphrasis, and Interarts Theory, 2004.

T. and H. K. Zakharia, découverte de la littérature arabe du VI e siècle à The Horse in Arabia and the Arabian Horse: Origins, Myths and, p.3280

U. , H. , and &. M. Uerpmann, Animal Bones from Excavation 519 at Qala'at al-Bahrain, Qala'at al-Bahrain The central Monumental Buildings, pp.235-262, 1997.

U. , M. , and &. Uerpmann, Animal Economy during the Early Bronze Age in South-East Arabia, Archaeozoology of the Near East VIII, pp.465-485, 2008.

U. , M. , and &. Uerpmann, Animal Labour and Beasts of Burden in South-East Arabian Pre-and Protohistory, Fifty Years of Emirates Archaeology: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Archaeology of the United Arab Emirates, pp.79-85, 2012.

U. , M. , and &. Uerpmann, Animal Remains from ?af?r Late Antique Arabia: ?af?r, Capital of ?imyar: Rehabilitation of a " Decadent " Society: Excavations of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1998?2010 in the Highland of the Yemen, Abhandlungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft Band, vol.29, pp.197-219, 2013.

U. , M. , H. Uerpmann, and &. S. Jasim, Stone Age Nomadism in SE Arabia: Palaeo-Economic Considerations on the Neolithic Site of al-Buhais 18 in the Emirate of Sharjah, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 30, pp.229-234, 2000.

É. Vallet, Yemeni 'Oceanic Policy' at the End of the 13 th century, Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies 36, pp.289-96, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00289581

É. Vallet, Arabie marchande : État et commerce sous les sultans ras?lides du Yémen, pp.626-858, 2011.

É. Vallet, Le Périple au miroir des sources arabes médiévales: le cas des produits du commerce, pp.359-380, 2012.

W. Van-neer, A. G. , E. Haerinck, W. Wouters, and &. E. Kaptijn, Animal exploitation at ed-Dur (Umm al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates), Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy, vol.24, issue.1, pp.2017-2028
DOI : 10.1111/aae.12004

V. Van-renterghem, Les élites bagdadiennes au temps des Seldjoukides : étude d'histoire sociale, 2015.
DOI : 10.4000/books.ifpo.9172

V. C. , J. A. Leonard, A. Götherström, . St, K. Marklund et al., Widespread Origins of Domestic Horse Lineages, Science, vol.2915503, pp.474-477, 2001.

W. and &. H. Ellegren, Widespread Origins of Domestic Horse Lineages, Science, vol.2915503, pp.474-477, 2001.

W. V. , A. Eriksson, M. A. Bower, . Gr, E. Barker et al., A translation of the text in English has been made available on the website of the SCTH: https://scth.gov.sa/en/Antiquities-Museums /ArcheologicalDiscovery/Pages/GI-AlmagarSite.aspx. The quotations in this paper come from this translation, 2011.

. Sh, D. Li, M. Lomitashvilie, G. V. Ochir-goryaevaf, V. Sizonovg et al., Reconstructing the Origin and Spread of Horse Domestication in the Eurasian Steppe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109.21, pp.8202-8206, 2012.

Y. , P. A. , S. Antonini, . J. Ch, and . Robin, Le harnachement du cheval d'un Ha?ba?ide découvert dans une tombe de ?af?r, Arabia, vol.2, pp.11-22, 2004.

Y. , P. A. , K. Franke, C. Meyer, G. W. Nebe et al., ?af?r, Capital of ?imyar Preliminary Reports 1-4, Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen XI, pp.479-547, 1998.

Y. , P. A. Ch, and . Robin, Himyarite Knights, Infantrymen and Hunters, Arabia, vol.3, pp.261-271, 2006.

Y. , P. A. , &. G. Weisgerber, and . Samad-ash-shan, Excavation of the Pre-Islamic Cemeteries: Preliminary Report, 1988.

&. Robin, Were one to lament the lack of physical evidence for horses (skeletons, etc.) in old South Arabia, one might fittingly respond that analogously in the 3 rd century fortified Roman/Sasanian Dura Europos no skeletons came to light. But the contemporary records from there indicate that hundreds of horses were in use, pp.262-308, 1963.

. Macdonald, ALBENDA, pp.79-63, 1996.

. For and . Khan, on ??h? ?usayn's scepticism concerning the authenticity of pre-Islamic poetry, this issue: OLSEN; ROBIN & ANTONINI. 69 MAHMOUDI, pp.199-200, 1998.

B. and G. &. Tillier, See also PICKARD For the use of these sources by historians from a military perspective, see also DONNER 1996, 71 See the efforts made in this regard by MILLER, p.373, 1990.

S. After, KUTASI 2010; BAALBAKI 2014. 102 On this topic, see below. 103 POUILLON, in this issue. See also RZEWUSKI, pp.803-105, 1960.

?. ??? and ?. ?????, The hadith is given as follow, whereas other versions has been transmitted by various scholars

S. For-the-ras?lids and . Mahoney, For the Shar?f-s of Mekka, see the Kit?b Man?hij al-sur?r of al-F?kih?, written by ?Abd al-Q?dir al-F?kih? for the Shar?f Ab? Numayy II, and that includes developments on the horse, 2016.

B. See, On horse trade and horse market in the Maml?k sultanate, see also SHEHADA, pp.208-218, 2006.

M. See and S. , 139 ZOUACHE 2013 140 MAHONEY, in this issue. 141 GIERLICHS, 1990.

. Khan, The Arab Bedouins strictly maintained purity of their race and blood and likewise they did the same with their horses. Thus, like their own blood they maintained the purity of their horses for thousands of years, from remote antiquity until the present day, p.445, 2012.

A. See, CARAYON in this issue. 153 BLUNT 1881, pp.13-14

J. Schiettecatte and A. Zouache, « The Horse in Arabia and the Arabian Horse: Origins, Myths and Realities », Arabian Humanities, 2017.