G. Salem, S. Rican, and E. Jougla, Atlas de la santé en France : les causes de décès (atlas of health in France: the causes of death), p.189, 2000.

S. Rican, G. Salem, Z. Vaillant, and E. Jougla, DIACT D à l'aménagement du territoire et à l'action régionale (DATAR) Dynamiques sanitaires des villes françaises (human health dynamics of French cities) France: La Documentation française, 2010.

N. Krieger, Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.30, issue.4, pp.668-77, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/30.4.668

I. Kawachi, S. Subramanian, and N. Almeida-filho, A glossary for health inequalities, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.56, issue.9, pp.647-52, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.56.9.647
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1732240

B. Link and J. Phelan, Social Conditions As Fundamental Causes of Disease, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol.35, pp.80-94, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2626958
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.614.8943

C. Duncan, K. Jones, and G. Moon, Health-related behaviour in context: A multilevel modelling approach, Social Science & Medicine, vol.42, issue.6, pp.817-847, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0277-9536(95)00181-6

N. Krieger, Embodiment: a conceptual glossary for epidemiology, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.59, issue.5, pp.350-355, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2004.024562
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1733093

B. Chaix and P. Chauvin, The contribution of multilevel models in contextual analysis in the field of social epidemiology: a review of literature, Rev Dépidémiologie Santé Publique, vol.50, pp.489-99, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00089340

D. Roux and A. , A glossary for multilevel analysis, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.56, issue.8, pp.588-94, 2002.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.56.8.588

M. Meijer, J. Röhl, K. Bloomfield, and U. Grittner, Do neighborhoods affect individual mortality? A systematic review and meta-analysis of multilevel studies, Social Science & Medicine, vol.74, issue.8, pp.1204-1216, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.034

T. Blakely, J. Atkinson, V. Ivory, S. Collings, J. Wilton et al., No association of neighbourhood volunteerism with mortality in New Zealand: a national multilevel cohort study, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.35, issue.4, pp.981-990, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/dyl088

G. Turrell, A. Kavanagh, G. Draper, and S. Subramanian, Do places affect the probability of death in Australia? A multilevel study of area-level disadvantage, individual-level socioeconomic position and all-cause mortality, 1998-2000, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.61, issue.1, pp.13-22, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2006.046094

I. Yen and G. Kaplan, Neighborhood Social Environment and Risk of Death: Multilevel Evidence from the Alameda County Study, American Journal of Epidemiology, vol.149, issue.10, pp.898-907, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009733

O. Naess, F. Piro, P. Nafstad, G. Smith, and A. Leyland, Air Pollution, Social Deprivation, and Mortality, Epidemiology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.686-94, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181567d14

J. Mackenbach, I. Stirbu, A. Roskam, M. Schaap, G. Menvielle et al., Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.358, issue.23, pp.2468-81, 2008.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMsa0707519

G. Menvielle, J. Chastang, D. Luce, and A. Leclerc, Changing social disparities and mortality in France (1968-1996): cause of death analysis by educational level. Rev Dépidémiologie Santé Publique, pp.97-105, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00222750

M. Malmström, S. Johansson, and J. Sundquist, A hierarchical analysis of long-term illness and mortality in socially deprived areas, Social Science & Medicine, vol.53, issue.3, pp.265-7510, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00291-4

R. Anderson, P. Sorlie, E. Backlund, N. Johnson, and G. Kaplan, Mortality Effects of Community Socioeconomic Status, Epidemiology, vol.8, issue.1, pp.42-49, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00001648-199701000-00007

D. Jaffe, Z. Eisenbach, Y. Neumark, and O. Manor, Individual, household and neighborhood socioeconomic status and mortality: a study of absolute and relative deprivation, Social Science & Medicine, vol.60, issue.5, pp.989-97, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.06.047

S. Curtis, H. Southall, P. Congdon, and B. Dodgeon, Area effects on health variation over the life-course: analysis of the longitudinal study sample in England using new data on area of residence in childhood, Social Science & Medicine, vol.58, issue.1, pp.57-74, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00149-7

Ø. Kravdal, A Fixed-Effects Multilevel Analysis of How Community Family Structure Affects Individual Mortality in Norway, Demography, vol.44, issue.3, pp.519-556, 2007.
DOI : 10.1353/dem.2007.0029

E. Dahl, I. Elstad, J. Hofoss, D. Martin-mollard, and M. , For whom is income inequality most harmful? A multi-level analysis of income inequality and mortality in Norway, Social Science & Medicine, vol.63, issue.10, pp.2562-74, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.06.002

P. Martikainen, T. Kauppinen, and T. Valkonen, Effects of the characteristics of neighbourhoods and the characteristics of people on cause specific mortality: a register based follow up study of 252 000 men, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.57, issue.3, pp.210-217, 2003.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.57.3.210

K. Jones, M. Gould, and C. Duncan, Death and deprivation: an exploratory analysis of deaths in the Health and Lifestyle survey, Social Science & Medicine, vol.50, issue.7-8, pp.1059-79, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00355-X

K. Lochner, E. Pamuk, D. Makuc, B. Kennedy, and I. Kawachi, State-level income inequality and individual mortality risk: a prospective

R. Andersen, Revisiting the Behavioral Model and Access to Medical Care: Does it Matter?, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, vol.36, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2137284

R. Pierce, H. Williamson, and R. Kruse, Distance, Use of Resources, and Mortality Among Rural Missouri Residents With Acute Myocardial Infarction, The Journal of Rural Health, vol.80, issue.4, pp.28-35, 1998.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.268.18.2530

E. Monnet, C. Ramée, A. Minello, V. Jooste, D. Carel et al., Socioeconomic context, distance to primary care and detection of hepatitis C: A French population-based study, Social Science & Medicine, vol.66, issue.5, pp.1046-56, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.044
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00465320

N. Campbell, A. Elliott, L. Sharp, L. Ritchie, J. Cassidy et al., Rural and urban differences in stage at diagnosis of colorectal and lung cancers, British Journal of Cancer, vol.84, issue.7
DOI : 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1708

A. Jones, G. Bentham, and C. Horwell, Health service accessibility and deaths from asthma, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.28, issue.1, pp.101-106, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/ije/28.1.101

H. Pilkington, B. Blondel, N. Drewniak, and J. Zeitlin, Where does distance matter? Distance to the closest maternity unit and risk of foetal and neonatal mortality in France, The European Journal of Public Health, vol.24, issue.6, pp.905-915, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/eurpub/ckt207
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01010272

D. Ripley, P. Kwong, W. Vogel, J. Kurichi, B. Bates et al., How does geographic access affect in-hospital mortality for veterans with acute ischemic stroke? Med Care, pp.501-510, 2015.

N. Campbell, A. Elliott, L. Sharp, L. Ritchie, J. Cassidy et al., Rural factors and survival from cancer: analysis of Scottish cancer registrations, British Journal of Cancer, vol.18, issue.11, pp.1863-1869, 2000.
DOI : 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1079

J. Nicholl, J. West, S. Goodacre, and J. Turner, The relationship between distance to hospital and patient mortality in emergencies: an observational study, Emergency Medicine Journal, vol.24, issue.9, pp.665-673, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/emj.2007.047654

T. Yamashita and S. Kunkel, The association between heart disease mortality and geographic access to hospitals: County level comparisons in Ohio, USA, Social Science & Medicine, vol.70, issue.8, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.12.028

V. Souza, . De, and D. Strachan, Relationship between travel time to the nearest hospital and survival from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: record linkage study, Journal of Public Health, vol.27, issue.2, pp.165-170, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/pubmed/fdi001

Ø. Kravdal, Does place matter for cancer survival in Norway? A multilevel analysis of the importance of hospital affiliation and municipality socio-economic resources, Health & Place, vol.12, issue.4, pp.527-564, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.08.005

C. Couet, INSEE's permanent demographic sample (EDP) Courr Stat Engl Ser N 13, pp.117-199, 2007.

M. Coldefy, L. Com-ruelle, V. Lucas-gabrielli, and L. Marcoux, Les distances d'accès aux soins en France métropolitaine au 1er janvier, Irdes Rapp, 2007.

R. Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing. R : a language and environment for statistical computing, 2014.

S. Ripatti and J. Palmgren, Estimation of Multivariate Frailty Models Using Penalized Partial Likelihood, Biometrics, vol.84, issue.4, pp.1016-1038, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/2290084

T. Therneau, P. Grambsch, and V. Pankratz, Penalized Survival Models and Frailty, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol.12, issue.1, pp.156-75, 2003.
DOI : 10.1198/1061860031365
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.133.9045

V. Lucas-gabrielli, N. Nabet, and F. Tonnelier, Les soins de proximité : une exception française, 2001.

O. Dejardin, L. Remontet, A. Bouvier, A. Danzon, B. Trétarre et al., Socioeconomic and geographic determinants of survival of patients with digestive cancer in France, British Journal of Cancer, vol.17, issue.7, pp.944-953, 2006.
DOI : 10.3748/wjg.v9.i5.961
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00485675

A. Singh-manoux, P. Clarke, and M. Marmot, Multiple measures of socio-economic position and psychosocial health: proximal and distal measures, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol.31, issue.6
DOI : 10.1093/ije/31.6.1192
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-01154102

J. Lynch, G. Kaplan, and J. Salonen, Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse, Social Science & Medicine, vol.44, issue.6, pp.809-828, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00191-8

F. Van-oort, F. Van-lenthe, and J. Mackenbach, Material, psychosocial, and behavioural factors in the explanation of educational inequalities in mortality in the Netherlands, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, vol.59, issue.3, pp.214-234, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.2003.016493

B. Chaix and P. Chauvin, Tobacco and alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle and overweightness in France: A multilevel analysis of individual and area-level determinants, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.531-539, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024642301343
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00089341

D. Roux, A. Mair, and C. , Neighborhoods and health, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.11, issue.1, pp.125-170, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.12.006

C. Ross, Walking, exercising, and smoking: does neighborhood matter?, Social Science & Medicine, vol.51, issue.2, pp.265-74, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00451-7

K. Mason, R. Bentley, and A. Kavanagh, Fruit and vegetable purchasing and the relative density of healthy and unhealthy food stores: evidence from an Australian multilevel study, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol.67, issue.3, pp.231-237, 2013.
DOI : 10.1136/jech-2012-201535

C. Duncan, K. Jones, and G. Moon, Smoking and deprivation: are there neighbourhood effects?, Social Science & Medicine, vol.48, issue.4, pp.497-505, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-9536(98)00360-8

O. Lacoste and L. Spinosi, Distance, proximité, accessibilité attraction et recours de la population vis-à-vis du système de soins (distance, proximity, accessibility attraction and appeal of the public health care system) Rhcp2s IIIe Extr, 2002.

F. Jusot, Health seeking inequalities: review and evolution. Rev DÉpidémiologie Santé Publique, pp.163-172, 2013.

G. Rey, Excess mortality related to heat waves: socio-demographic vulnerability factors and causes of death, 2007.

W. Luo and Y. Qi, An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians, Health & Place, vol.15, issue.4, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002

A. Diez-roux, Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis., American Journal of Public Health, vol.88, issue.2, pp.216-238, 1998.
DOI : 10.2105/AJPH.88.2.216
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508189/pdf

B. Chaix, Modelling contextual effects on health and healthcare: Université Paris VI, 2004.